AFM for Ferroelectrics & Multiferroics

Ferroelectric, piezoelectric and multiferroic materials are mapped domain by domain: PFM images the polarisation, HD-KFM™ III the surface charge and potential, and ResiScope™ III the local conduction.

What to measure

Measurements and the Nano-Observer mode for each

Polarisation domains & switching (PFM)PFM Surface charge & potential (KPFM)HD-KFM™ III Local conduction (C-AFM)ResiScope™ III

Materials

Materials in this family

Material	What to measure	Nano-Observer modes
BaTiO₃BaTiO3	Piezo & ferroelectric domains (PFM) · Surface potential, work function (KPFM)	PFM HD-KFM™ III
PVDF (piezo polymer)PVDF · piezo polymer	Piezo & ferroelectric domains (PFM) · Surface potential, work function (KPFM)	PFM HD-KFM™ III
BiFeO₃BiFeO3	Piezo & ferroelectric domains (PFM) · Surface potential, work function (KPFM)	PFM HD-KFM™ III
HfO₂ / HZO ferroelectricsHZO · HfO2 · hafnia	Piezo & ferroelectric domains (PFM) · Surface potential, work function (KPFM)	PFM HD-KFM™ III
PZT (lead zirconate titanate)PZT · lead zirconate titanate	Piezo & ferroelectric domains (PFM) · Surface potential, work function (KPFM)	PFM HD-KFM™ III
PbTiO₃PbTiO3	Piezo & ferroelectric domains (PFM) · Surface potential, work function (KPFM)	PFM HD-KFM™ III
KNN / NaNbO₃KNN · NaNbO3	Piezo & ferroelectric domains (PFM) · Surface potential, work function (KPFM)	PFM HD-KFM™ III
Hexagonal manganites (ErMnO₃ …)ErMnO3 · Hexagonal manganites	Piezo & ferroelectric domains (PFM) · Surface potential, work function (KPFM)	PFM HD-KFM™ III
LiNbO₃ / LiTaO₃LiTaO3 · LiNbO3	Piezo & ferroelectric domains (PFM) · Surface potential, work function (KPFM)	PFM HD-KFM™ III
In₂Se₃In2Se3	Piezo & ferroelectric domains (PFM) · Surface potential, work function (KPFM)	PFM HD-KFM™ III
CuInP₂S₆CuInP2S6	Piezo & ferroelectric domains (PFM) · Surface potential, work function (KPFM)	PFM HD-KFM™ III