AFM for Halide Perovskites

Halide perovskite films are soft, sensitive to moisture and to the tip, and their performance depends on what happens at grain boundaries and interfaces. Electrical AFM maps those boundaries directly: surface potential and work function with HD-KFM™ III, local current and resistance with ResiScope™ III, and Soft ResiScope™ when the film must not be damaged by the tip.

What to measure

Measurements and the Nano-Observer mode for each

Surface potential & work function at grain boundaries (KPFM)HD-KFM™ III Local current & resistance (conductive AFM, C-AFM)ResiScope™ III Conductivity without damaging soft filmsSoft ResiScope™ Dark vs illuminated measurementsSample illumination (Nano-Observer II)

Materials

Materials in this family

MaterialWhat to measureNano-Observer modes
MAPbI₃ (methylammonium lead iodide)MAPI · MAPbI3 · CH3NH3PbI3Surface potential, work function (KPFM) · Current & resistance (C-AFM, SSRM) · Conductivity on soft or fragile samplesHD-KFM™ III ResiScope™ III Soft ResiScope™
CsPbBr₃CsPbBr3Surface potential, work function (KPFM) · Current & resistance (C-AFM, SSRM) · Conductivity on soft or fragile samplesHD-KFM™ III ResiScope™ III Soft ResiScope™
2D / quasi-2D perovskites2D · quasi-2D perovskitesSurface potential, work function (KPFM) · Current & resistance (C-AFM, SSRM) · Conductivity on soft or fragile samplesHD-KFM™ III ResiScope™ III Soft ResiScope™
PbI₂PbI2Surface potential, work function (KPFM) · Current & resistance (C-AFM, SSRM) · Conductivity on soft or fragile samplesHD-KFM™ III ResiScope™ III Soft ResiScope™
Lead-free perovskites (Sn, double perovskites)Sn · double perovskites · Lead-free perovskitesSurface potential, work function (KPFM) · Current & resistance (C-AFM, SSRM) · Conductivity on soft or fragile samplesHD-KFM™ III ResiScope™ III Soft ResiScope™
Mixed-cation perovskites (Cs/FA/MA)FA · MA · CsSurface potential, work function (KPFM) · Current & resistance (C-AFM, SSRM) · Conductivity on soft or fragile samplesHD-KFM™ III ResiScope™ III Soft ResiScope™
FAPbI₃ (formamidinium lead iodide)FAPbI3 · formamidinium · formamidinium lead iodideSurface potential, work function (KPFM) · Current & resistance (C-AFM, SSRM) · Conductivity on soft or fragile samplesHD-KFM™ III ResiScope™ III Soft ResiScope™
CsPbI₃CsPbI3Surface potential, work function (KPFM) · Current & resistance (C-AFM, SSRM) · Conductivity on soft or fragile samplesHD-KFM™ III ResiScope™ III Soft ResiScope™